Совершенствование техники плавания квалифицированных плавцов и пути повышения ее ефективности

Abstract

В статье рассмотрены вопросы современного подхода к совершенствованию техники движений квалифицированных пловцов.

В статті розглянуті питання сучасного підходу до удосконалення техніки рухів кваліфікованих плавців.

While conducting the research work, we have selected and analyzed only those data which, in our opinion, could lead to the improvement of sports performance. It is taken into account that besides the awareness of their movements, the swimmers have an automatic skill, which turns out to be the more effective, the higher their sporting mastership is. In skilled swimmers a high level of excellence in specialized perceptions is recognized: sense of time, sense of pace, sense of developing efforts, etc., as well as an ability to modify movements being performed due to the information received from the receptors of muscles, ligaments, tendons and joints. Currently, in many leading “swimming” countries there have been developed and successfully implemented in practice the new approaches to the process of improving the swimmers’ technical skills, based on the methods of study of the dynamic and kinematic movement structure using specialized video and computer programs. It should be noted that success of almost all strongest swimmers of recent years is associated with a wide use of objective methods for monitoring and control in the process of their technical improvement. In our studies at designing a model of the optimal coordination structure of movement technique we have taken into account the need for the swimmer’s maintaining the wholeness of the sense and motor sides of performed movements. To achieve this, we have held to the following key provisions: 1. The cycle of movements in each swimming style is considered as a system of movements consisting of phases; 2. the phases are defined appreciating their direction, integrity and concrete focus; 3. the moments of transition of movements from one phase to another are considered as the boundary ones, accordingly to which the coordination of movements is defined, and all phases are compared with each other; the defined models of swimming technique are composed of two sections: formal (digital and graphic characteristics) and logic (description of movement technique, determination of key points, description of meaning characteristics). On the basis of the conducted work we have found out that the process of improving the technical mastership of skilled swimmers should be divided into four stages: 1. Conduct of specialized theoretical sessions. 2. Execution of specialized imitational exercises on dry land. 3. Learning of specialized exercises in water. 4. Improvement of movements using the technique of self-control. While working at the swimming technique improvement one should notice three stages: the first one – an increase of the efficiency coefficient of stroke movement through the development of the swimmer’s muscle strength, the second – keeping to continuity in alternation of stroke movements by some reduction of the phases of over-pull, outsweep and et cetera “effect of adhesion”; the third stage – a slight decrease of stroke efforts at the expense of shortening of the stroke “steps” length as well as an optimal coordination of the stroke “steps” length and increase in the rate of movement. In the third phase a prominent role is played by the magnitude of bending angles of the moving limbs, which in the process of fatigue cumulating compensate the swimming rate reduction. The nomogram of the movement model plays a significant role in the basic methods of improvement of the swimmers’ technical skills since the available key points allow the coach to manage the training process at all stages of the year’s cycle improvement of the athletes’ performance skills.