Споживча кооперація в суспільно-політичному та соціально-економічному житті України (друга половина 1940-х – 1980-і роки)

Abstract

Дисертація присвячена всебічному аналізу споживчої кооперації Української РСР другої половини 40-х – 80-х років ХХ століття як комплексного явища в соціально-економічному та суспільно-політичному житті українського суспільства. У дослідженні визначено роль споживчої кооперації в здійсненні агрополітичних рішень держави. Проаналізовано еволюцію територіальноорганізаційної структури Укоопспілки. Встановлено ступінь суб’єктності пайовика та його економічне та соціально-правове становище в системі споживчої кооперації. Визначено результати й особливості діяльності споживчої кооперації в сільській місцевості на основі аналізу діяльності торговельної, заготівельної, галузей громадського харчування та побутового обслуговування Укоопспілки. Досліджено характерні риси організації та діяльності споживчої кооперації в містах. Охарактеризовано значення виробничої діяльності споживчої кооперації. Розкрито характер міжнародної діяльності споживчої кооперації УРСР за досліджуваний період. Вироблено практичні рекомендації щодо стимулювання кооперативного руху в сучасних умовах.

Диссертация посвящена всестороннему анализу потребительской кооперации Украинской ССР во второй половине 40-х – 80-х гг. ХХ столетия как комплексного явления в социально-экономической и общественно-политической жизни украинского общества. В исследовании определена роль потребительской кооперации в осуществлении агрополитических решений государства. Проанализирована эволюция территориально-организационной структуры. Установлена степень субъектности пайщика и его экономическое и социально-правовое положение в системе потребительской кооперации. Определены результаты и особенности деятельности потребительской кооперации в сельской местности на основе анализа деятельности: торговой, заготовительной, отраслей общественного питания и бытового обслуживания Укоопсоюза. Исследованы характерные черты организации и деятельности потребительской кооперации в городах. Охарактеризовано значение производственной деятельности потребительской кооперации. Раскрыт характер международной деятельности потребительской кооперации УССР в исследуемый период. Выведены практические рекомендации по стимулированию кооперативного движения в современных условиях.

The dissertation is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the Ukrainian SSR consumer cooperation in the second half of the 40s and 80s years of the twentieth century as a complex phenomenon in the socio-economic and social-political life of Ukrainian society. The research is based on scientific principles, according to which the activity of consumer cooperation is considered as a peculiar phenomenon, having made a significant imprint on the socio-economic and social life of the Ukrainian SSR, especially in rural areas. When working at the dissertation a combination of a group of methods both general scientific and research, applied mainly in historical intelligence was used. In the presented research, the activity of consumer cooperation in all of its aspects, primarily trade, as well as production and procurement, is the scales, guided by the indicators of which, we tried to determine the weight of state attention to the Ukrainian village during the second half of the 40s and 80s of the twentieth century. Such a research is new in Ukrainian historiography, because researchers, whose works are devoted to the development of consumer cooperation and cooperative movement generally on Ukrainian lands, chose other chronological periods with sociopolitical and economic systems different from suggested in the research. The works considering the history of consumer cooperation on the Ukrainian lands for the whole period of its existence from origin till now, do not fully enable to thoroughly assess the complex processes that took place with consumer cooperation during the second half of the 1940s – 1980s. The scientific work determines that the organizational and territorial structure of consumer cooperation was built in the directions set out by the communist-Soviet policymakers of the state. As a part of the ideological concept of overcoming the gap between a city and a village, consumer cooperation played a positive role in creation and development of the Ukrainian village social infrastructure, but it was not able to eliminate differences in living conditions, income levels and become an effective mechanism for equal exchange between the agrarian sector and consumers of agricultural products. Instead, the system of consumer cooperation was used for the actual village exploitation. Social-economic and legal status of a shareholder remained within the limits established by the local and central authorities’ directives. Consumer cooperation as a social and economic system in the conditions of Soviet statehood for the investigated period definitely lost the original cooperative principles. The achievements and problems of social-economic activity of consumer cooperation in the village were determined. Provision villages with food and industrial goods was at a level below the public demand. The growth rates of retail trade in rural areas were a little higher, but the cooperation of the Ukrainian SSR could not overcome a large gap in the absolute size of retail trade turnover compared to the city. Public catering in rural areas was not established as an integral form of social welfare leasure. Storage of agricultural products, performed by consumer cooperatives in rural areas, were directed primarily to an individual producer. Only peasants’ interest and needs in obtaining the necessary scared goods allowed the consumer cooperation to carry out storage activities in rather sizable volumes. The tense situation with food in cities and industrial centers during the investigated period encouraged the authorities to involve a procurement network of consumer cooperation for its solution and promote creation of a cooperative trade network in and outside the city collective farm markets. Ukoopspilka’s production, as one of the aspects of consumer cooperation activity, was based mainly on processing agricultural products, which were directly stored by Ukoopspilka’s organizations and development of the baking industry to provide the rural population with bakery products. The analysis of international activity of consumer cooperation made it possible to conclude that this aspect is secondary in the Ukoopspilka’s work. Participation of Ukrainian cooperators in the international cooperative movement took place in the directions set out in Moscow. The international trade and economic activity of consumer cooperation of the Ukrainian SSR was based on the export of certain types of harvested agricultural and growing wild products and receiving imported goods instead. In general, export-import operations of consumer cooperation did not take a significant place both in Ukoopspilka’s work and in foreign economic activity of the republic as a whole. The practical significance of the scientific research makes it possible to use its main results in the development of lecture courses on economic and social history of Ukraine of this period. At the same time, theoretical conclusions and practical recommendations can be useful for developing perspective strategies for the development of a consumer cooperative system and cooperative movement at the present stage.