Український легальний видавничий рух Центрально-Східної Європи 1939-1945 років

Abstract

У дисертації вивчається український легальний видавничий рух Другої світової війни - масштаби, моделі функціонування, кількісні параметри, головні учасники, окремі типологічні зразки видань. Охоплено ареал, який увійшов до зони німецького контролю і де українські громадські й інтелектуальні кола ініціювали діяльність близько 50-ти видавничих осередків. Відтворено структуру видавничого руху, визначено його специфіку в головних центрах українського соціального й культурного життя, показано внесок громадських рухів та політичних груп. Проаналізовано умови існування, тенденції у випуску та репертуар найбільших видавництв (Прага, Краків, Львів). Показано регіональні відмінності, зумовлені несиметричністю запроваджених режимом форматів видавничої сфери. Представлено окремі типологічні різновиди видань. Обгрунтовується висновок про необхідність застосування щодо видавничої продукції досліджуваного періоду нюансованих оцінок.

В диссертации изучается украинская санкционированная издательская деятельность во время Второй мировой войны: масштабы, модели функционирования, количественные параметры, участники, отдельные типы изданий. Охвачена территория немецкого контроля, в пределах которой украинские общественные и интеллектуальные круги инициировали около пятидесяти издательских фирм. Воссоздана структура издательской деятельности, определена ее специфика в главных центрах украинской социальной и культурной жизни, очерчен вклад общественных движений и политических групп. Проанализированы условия существования, тенденции в выпуске и репертуар крупных украинских издательств (Прага, Краков, Львов). Показаны существенные региональные различия, обусловленные несимметричностью внедряемых режимом форматов издательской деятельности. Представлены отдельные типологические разновидности изданий. Обосновывается вывод о необходимости применения относительно издательской продукции исследуемого периода нюансированных оценок.

This is a work of legally permitted Ukrainian publishing on German-occupied territories during the Second World War - the extent, implementation and organization, characteristics, participants, and different forms of the publications. When comparing the major branches of publishing of that time, in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and in the General Government, essential differences appear, brought about by asymmetrical matrices introduced by the Nazi regime to the publishing field, and the varying degrees of its transformation during the interwar period. In Prague, despite drastic changes in the structure of social life, and the closure by authorities of most emigre organizations, some managed to survive and these organizations were partially successful at supporting forms of cultural practice familiar to the local Ukrainian environment. In Krakow and Lviv, where was formed a rather stable axis in Ukrainian publishing during the war, there was registered a publishing-monopoly with two separate departments. The Ukrainian-language publishing catalog of the Third Reich was generated according to an official request for literature in the languages of the USSR to distribute among emigre circles. The German-Nazi government provided sufficient financial resources for the development of a differentiated network of mass periodicals, which took into account the regional origins, employment, and social status of potential subscribers, with a focus on emigrants from eastern and western Ukraine, agricultural and industrial workers, miners, and prisoners of war. The governmental Ukrainian press of the Reich reproduced from official sources laws about the organization of work for forced laborers, tax regulations, labor camp policies, and money transfers to families. An interesting phenomenon of the publishing movement in the Third Reich was the issuing by German publishers of scholarly and reference works about Ukraine. They paid special attention during the war to eastern European topics. These publications conveyed information and knowledge for mastering the eastern territories: on the one hand, they provided scientifically validated information about the psychological and cultural characteristics of the population, and about the natural resources and economic system of Ukraine; on the other hand, they indirectly supported the concept of the one-thousand-year development of European civilization based on a common IndoEuropean (Aryan) cultural heritage. At the same time, these works were a part of contemporary Ukrainian culture, the result of assiduous research by first-rate scholars in the archives of various countries, and, in their research and analysis of foreign-language literature, they incorporated unfamiliar concepts into Ukrainian scholarship. Legally permitted publishing in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine developed in comparatively inferior social and political conditions. Efforts to set up publishing were initiated by the academic community, where groups of self-organized professionals were eager to resume their activities, among which were publishing and the renewal of associations, institutes, clubs, museums, and archives, and to adapt these activities to the new conditions, thus freeing themselves from being in the service to ideology. They established book publishing firms at the presses of provincial newspapers. In this colonized civil entity, it was not about restructuring, but rather about the dismantling of the publishing sector, the utter destruction of all hither to opportunities, and the suppression of initiatives by Ukrainian social groups. Of foremost importance was the strengthening of governmental party organs, whose editorial boards took into account only the propagandistic calculations of the regime, and not the literary needs of the population, and, together with other actions taken by occupation authorities, worked on its pacification. Further command of what was legally published will help researchers to develop nuanced appraisals of its value. Among the legally permitted publications, were those in which editors and writers sought to secure space for the survival of their national culture - to protect its higher values, to revive stratums destroyed by political persecution, and to encourage its further development.