Релігійні громади національних меншин підрадянської України в 20 – 30-х рр. ХХ ст.

Abstract

Дисертацію присвячено комплексному дослідженню проблеми становища релігійних громад національних меншин підрадянської України в умовах суспільних трансформацій 20 – 30-х рр. XX ст. Досліджено формування етноконфесійного середовища України, показано вплив революційних перетворень 1917 – 1921 рр. на подальший розвиток національних релігійних громад. Розкрито структуру релігійних общин та їх місце в релігійних організаціях, визначено напрямки діяльності об’єднань віруючих окремих етноспільнот України. Показано динаміку чисельності релігійних громад та проаналізовано їх соціальний склад. Простежено становлення більшовицької доктрини знищення релігії та церкви, вплив доктрини на формування радянської правової бази у сфері регулювання державно-етноконфесійних відносин. Встановлено посилення політичного і адміністративного тиску на релігійне життя етноспільнот з боку влади протягом 1920 – 1930-х рр. Охарактеризовано основні вектори радянської антирелігійної репресивної політики та її вплив на віруючих національних меншин України.

The thesis is devoted to the problem of complex situation of religious minority communities of the Soviet Ukraine in the context of social transformations 20-30-ies of XX century. A detailed analysis of the formation of ethnic Protection of Ukraine and features of the functioning of religious communities of national minorities eve of the arrival of the Bolsheviks to power is realized in this paper. The influence of revolutionary events of 1917 – 1921 on the activities of national associations of the faithful is revealed. The author analyzes the organizational structure of both religious communities and religious institutions that shaped minorities USSR. Consideration of all important affairs of religious communities took place at a general meeting of believers immediate problems were solved as community council or mayor. The degree of involvement of clergy in parish life depended on the strength of action traditions, and professional and moral qualities of priests. The basic directions of activity of religious communities minorities Soviet Ukraine was cult, finances, charity, religiously elucidative activity. Attention is paid to the arrangement of «informal» religious and educational societies Polish Catholics and Germans of different Christian denominations, brought to view in the operation of illegal religious schools among Mennonites, Lutherans and Jews. The paper traces the dynamics of religious communities of national minorities, which depended on the availability of their possession of religious buildings. During the 1920s, the number of communities has remained constant, however, began to plummet over the next decade. As the number of members of different religious communities of national minorities of Ukraine dominated females. The exception was the Jewish community, where the majority were men. In addition, the Jewish religious communities as part of the Russian Old Believers and the included significantly fewer young than communities that are formed by representatives of other national minorities. The Soviet legal framework in the field of religious communities of believers deprived of property rights, leveled hierarchical religious organizations and clergy contributed to the isolation of communities. The relative liberalization during the NEP has resulted in religious communities of minorities within the 20-ies of XX century more easily meet the religious needs. Despite the significant weakening pressure on religious organizations, atheistic Communists guide the work that takes into account the peculiarities of national religious life in Ukraine. Policy changes took place in 1929 Bolsheviks mediated by local authorities resorted to a policy of destruction of religious communities of all religious movements that was embodied by mass deprivation faithful religious buildings. These measures were accompanied by the repression of clergy and active religious world of media, including on a national basis.