Формування соматичного здоров’я і розумової працездатності у школярів 5–6 класів на уроках фізичної культури

Abstract

Роботу присвячена теоретичному та експериментальному обґрунтуванню методики покращення соматичного здоров’я, фізичної та розумової працездатності 10–11 річних учнів гімназії на уроках фізичної культури. Встановлено, що статичні вправи з власною масою тіла благотворно впливають на стан соматичного здоров’я школярів, їх розумову і фізичну працездатність не зважаючи на прискорену інтенсифікацію розумових предметів. Динамічні вправи, за тим об’ємом та формами їх використання що представлено у чинній програмі фізичної культури, не дозволяють повністю витримати інтелектуального тиску навчальних дисциплін, а також покращити або утримати здоров’я учнів на належному рівні у сучасному сьогоденні шкіл «нового типу». В роботі підтверджено данні наукових праць у яких встановлено факт покращення стану здоров’я школярів на початку навчального року і погіршення стану здоров’я наприкінці навчання. Доповнено і поширено досвіду тих наукових праць де встановлено, що погіршення здоров’я учнів не зупиняється на межі низького рівня, а покращення не перебільшує середнього. Визначена динаміка змін соматичного здоров’я, розумової і фізичної працездатності учнів в процесі навчального року.

Работа посвящена теоретическому и экспериментальному обоснованию методики улучшения соматического здоровья, физической и умственной работоспособности 10-11 летних учеников гимназии на уроках физической культуры. Установлено, что статические упражнения с собственным весом благотворно влияют на состояние соматического здоровья школьников, их умственную и физическую работоспособность, несмотря на ускоренную интенсификацию умственных предметов. Динамические упражнения, с тем объемом и формами их использования, что представлены в действующей программе по физической культуре, не позволяют полностью выдержать интеллектуального прессинга учебных дисциплин, а также улучшить или удержать здоровья учащихся на достаточно высоком уровне для современных условий школ «нового типа». В работе подтверждены данные научных трудов, в которых установлен факт улучшения состояния здоровья у школьников в начале учебного года и ухудшение состояния здоровья в конце обучения. Дополнен и расширен опыт научных работ, которые свидетельствуют, что ухудшение здоровья школьников не останавливается на границе низкого уровня, а улучшение не превышает среднего. Определена динамика изменения соматического здоровья, умственной и физической работоспособности в процессе учебного года.

The thesis is devoted to the theoretical and experimental substantiation of the improved methodology of gain in somatic health, physical and mental capacity of 10- 11-year-old gymnasium students in physical education classes. It has been established that static exercises with their own body weight have a beneficial effect on the state of somatic health of students, their mental and physical capacity, despite the accelerated intensification of mental subjects. Dynamic exercises, in terms of the volume and forms of their use presented in the current curriculum, do not allow to fully withstand the intellectual pressure of disciplines, as well as to improve or maintain the health of students in today’s schools of the “new type”. The thesis confirms the data of scientific papers which established the fact of improving the health of students at the beginning of the school year and deteriorating the health at the end of the education period. The experience of these scientific papers is supplemented and widened by the fact that the deterioration of students’ health does not stop at the border of the low level, and the improvement does not exceed the average level. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the fact that: the degree of influence of dynamic and static loads on somatic health for the first time was determined by physical and mental abilities of students of schools of the «new type»; the content of the curriculum for the use of static loads with their own body weight during education sessions was developed and tested in practice; the level of reaction of a body of students to dynamic and static loads in the conditions of general education process is established; on the basis of factor analysis, the factors that most contribute to increasing or decreasing the level of somatic health, mental and physical capabilities are identified. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic, defines the object, subject, purpose and objectives of the study, presents scientific novelty, practical significance of the thesis and information about the reliability of its results. The first section «The current state of the problem of maintaining the health of students of the ‘new type’ schools» provides an assessment of the health and capacity of students in the education process, describes the changes in the body of students under the influence of different modes and conditions of education, substantiates the possibilities of using static exercises in the process of physical education as a means of adapting functional systems of students to physical and mental loads in modern pedagogical theory and practice, summarizes the practical experience of physical education teachers in general secondary education institutions. Scientific sources are analyzed, which indicate that schools of the “new type”, especially those with a significant mental load, are in a daily mode where there is such a negative phenomenon as a decrease in somatic health level, physical preparation, physical and mental capacity, and physical education classes of these educational institutions cannot fully ensure a properly positive response of students’ health to the cause of mental stimuli. The second section «Scientific and theoretical substantiation and practical development of the formation methodology of somatic health and mental capacity among students of 5–6 grades in physical education classes» presents the general methodology and features of the organization of the study, presents the results of the ascertaining stage of pedagogical experiment; the formation methodology of somatic health and mental capacity among students of 5–6 grades in physical education classes in the process of learning static exercises are developed and substantiated. Based on the leading theoretical and methodological provisions for the use of static exercises in the process of physical education of middle school children and the experience of best practice, a methodology of forming somatic health and mental capacity among students of 5 – 6 grades in physical education classes based on static exercises was developed. Given that moderate static efforts cause less pronounced vegetative disorders and less powerful response of the cardiovascular system than the muscular work of a dynamic nature, increase the functionality of the CNS, effectively affect the musculoskeletal system, affect the development of intramuscular and intermuscular coordination, static exercises are selected as the main content of the methodology and are included in the modules of gymnastics and sports games of the curriculum in physical education. Also, the planning and distribution of school hours in the content of the curriculum in physical education for students of 5–6 grades based on the use of static loads is conducted. Complexes of static exercises are made, which are included in the process of studying the modules «Gymnastics», «Basketball», «Volleyball», «Football» taking into account the specifics of the content of educational material for the development of static flexibility, static strength and static endurance. Peculiarities of dosing of static loads for students of 5– 6 grades in the content of physical exercises in physical education classes are determined. The third section «Research and experimental verification of the effectiveness of the formation methodology of somatic health and mental capacity of students of 5– 6 grades in physical education classes» presents criteria for assessing the level of somatic health and mental capacity of students of 5–6 grades in physical education classes; the results of the research and experimental verification of the effectiveness of the formation methodology of somatic health and mental capacity of students of 5–6 grades in physical education classes are presented. As a result of introduction of formation methodology of somatic health and mental capacity of students of 5–6 grades in physical education classes based on static exercises to the educational process during academic year, a significant improvement of indicators of somatic health, mental and physical capacity of students of experimental groups compared with control group is noted. Also, a feature of the proposed methodology is the effective counteraction to the negative impact of excessive workload of schools of the “new type” on the physical condition and mental overload of students.