Синтез дескриптивного та прескриптивного підходів у сучасній кодифікації українського наукового термінолексикону

Abstract

Дисертація присвячена вивченню дескриптивно-прескриптивного підходу в сучасній кодифікації українського термінолексикону. У дисертації подано, обґрунтовано та розвинено комплексний пiдxiд до вживання і творення українських тeрмiнiв, заснований на використанні мовознавчих методів і природничих аспектів дослідження. Такий підхід створює передумови для того, щоб розглядати термінологію не лише як розділ лексики, сукупність термінів і вчення про них, а насамперед як науку про утворення, розвиток і функціонування термінів. За допомогою послідовного застосування статистичного та аналітичного методів досліджено важливі теоретичні й практичні термінологічні й термінографічні проблеми: роль термінів-синонімів, підходи до творення й унормування термінів, використання віддієслівних іменників і дiєприкметникових форм активного стану в термінології, правописні аспекти відтворення запозичених та іншомовних слів, проблеми транслітерації тощо. На основі методу акустичних інваріантів досліджено акустичні характеристики звуків української (а також англійської) мови та знайдено їх інваріантні акустичні параметри.

Диссертация посвящена изучению дескриптивно-прескриптивного подхода в современной кодифікации украинского терминолексикона. В диссертации представлен, обоснован и развит комплексный подxод к употреблению и созданию украинских тeрминов, основанный на использовании лингвистических методов и естественнонаучных аспектов исследования. Такой подход создаёт предпосылки для того, чтобы рассматривать терминологию не только как раздел лексики, совокупность терминов и учение о них, а в первую очередь как науку об образовании, развитии и функционировании терминов. С помощью последовательного применения статистического и аналитического методов исследованы важные теоретические и практические терминологические и терминографические проблемы: роль терминов-синонимов, подходы к созданию и нормированию терминов, использование отглагольных существительных и причастных форм активного залога в терминологии, правописательные аспекты передачи заимствованных и иноязычных слов, проблемы транслитерации и др. На основе метода акустических инвариантов исследованы акустические характеристики звуков украинского (а также английского) языка и найдены их инвариантные акустические параметры.

The thesis is devoted to the study of descriptive and prescriptive approaches in the modern codification of the Ukrainian scientific term lexicon. A new complex approach to the Ukrainian terms use and coinage is presented, grounded and developed. This approach is based both on linguistic methods and natural sciences investigation aspects. Such an approach creates prerequisites to consider terminology not only as a lexicology subsection, a set of terms or doctrine on them but first of all as an independent discipline about terms rise, development and functioning. On the basis of available characterizations of a term, a new definition has been proposed: a term (from the Greek τέρμα ‘end, boundary’) is a unit of the lexical level (a word or a collocation) that denominates some concept of respective domain of human endeavour and forms the functional thematic class of the field vocabulary and is a natural (systemic or off-systemic) element of the terminology fund. Such a designation generalizes previous concepts of a term and better corrresponds to its nature. The lexical layer of language is continuously updated with new terms that form their specific subsystem. Furthermore, the relevant units need to be processed and systematized. All these facts clearly demonstrate a necessity for a separate discipline, the object of study of which very terms would be. Now most experts consider terminology as an independent science about terms (L. Vasenko, V. Dubichynsjkyj, O. Krymecj; A. D’jakov, T. Kyjak, Z. Kudeljko; V. Lejchik; N. Ovcharenko; A. Condaminé). This point of view agrees well with the classification of terminology as a knowledge theory in the international standard ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.5.2, that regards terminology as a science studying the structure, formation, development, usage and management of terminologies in various subject fields. Terminology has already the well-defined investigation subject and more or less successful embodiment of its theoretical findings within educational courses. Until recently, however, the relevant scientific methods (with their principles and application specialties) were not developed. This made it impossible to consider terminology as a full-fledged science. Each well-developed science has with two complementary investigation methods. For example, physics operates with the experimental and theoretical methods. The linguistic methods may also be divided into the experimental and theoretical ones. Such a dichotomy of the scholarly approach in the linguistic studies has been pointed out by a number of specialists: Ju. Sheveljov, B. Serebrennikov, N. Nikitin, A. Baghmut, L. Sova and others. Similarly, the two basic methods can be distinguished in terminology-science also. So, terminology as a science studies the rules and laws of the formation, development and operation of terms in a particular field of human undertaking, and uses the statistical and analytical research methods. Thus, the statistical method determines the familiar (used) linguistic phenomena or forms that are not necessarily correct. Instead, the analytical method helps to establish the right but not always commonplace phenomena or forms, and also identify the emergence or presence of certain tendencies or laws. The combined, systemic use of these methods reflects natural peculiarities of the investigation subjects (in particular, modern term vocabularies size and their development rates) and defines terminology as an independent science. A term vocabulary (field terminology) is characterized by such general lexical phenomena as polysemy, homonymy, paronymy, and synonymy, i. e. the distinction in the meaning and creation of appropriate lexical categories are inherent to terms also. The language systemic character manifests itself through lexical semantic relations as they reflect the semantic correlations between different language units caused by interaction between their lexical and grammatical aspects. This is why investigation of these relations takes important place in the integrated linguistic description of the language system uniting lexical and grammatical components. On the one hand, there exists the formal synonymy as a consequence of diversity and sophistication of language tools. It splits into the grammatical synonymy based on comparison of morphological and syntactic categories, and lexical one that proceeds from the word meaning. On the other hand, there exists the contentual synonymy, reflecting different aspects of the research object or different approaches to its study. The synonymic units play their necessary role in the terminological system operation, namely: (1) concept refinement and delineation; (2) language enrichment; (3) term derivation; (4) perspective terminological vocabulary formation; (5) term interpretation; (6) term system construction. The analytical approach to determine the semantic proximity grade between any two lexical units (words and collocations) presented here, is an important achievement in the synonymy study. The corresponding semantic distance can be numerically measured by the generalized Pythagorean theorem, regarding the word semes as their coordinates in the multidimensional semantic space. The high derivative ability of Ukrainian verbs is a source of a great number of verbal nouns that easily undergo terminologization and became important members of term systems. To correctly use the terms derived from verbs, one should correctly classify them, distinguishing a phenomenon and actions of different duration and repeatability: vidkhyl ‘deviation’ (phenomenon) – vidkhylennja (one-time action) – vidkhyljannja (longtime action) – vidkhylennja (repeating action). Given that a significant number of primordially Ukrainian perfect verbs do not have derivative nouns and the nouns, derived from the perfect and imperfect form of the same verb, simetimes significantly differ in their meanings and lose the expressive aspectual features inherent to initial verbs, one may conclude that the aspectual opposition disappears in the verbal nouns derived from these verbs. The orthographic compliance is a necessary criterion of the term aptitude. At the same time, the specialists differ in their opinions on the Ukrainian orthography that is reflected also in academic dictionaries. The solution to this problem should be searched at the phonetic level that allows one to realize objective principles and laws acting in the chain “phone – phoneme – grapheme”. The modern linguistic technologies of text processing widely use the phonetic data for speech recognition and synthesis that makes phonetic studies extremely important today. On the basis of the acoustic invariants method, the acoustic characteristics of Ukrainian (and English) speech sounds were investigated, and their invariant acoustic parameters were found. In particular, the phonetic data support the earlier conclusion about a voiceless character of the English phoneme /h/. Accounting for the acoustical and articulational characteristics of its allophones in various combinations, we conclude that the closest Ukrainian equivalent is the phoneme /x/. We studied the terminological borrowings in Ukrainian on the basis of etymological, comparative, morphosemantic, and acoustic phonetic analysis. One of the most prevalent modifications that foreign terms undergo in Ukrainian is shift of values that can lead sometimes to the breach of motivation ties with the etymon meaning, and to irregularities or distortions of lexical semantic relations and to unwanted connotations. The excess of foreign words in Ukrainian – as in many European languages – often causes orthoepic and orthographic difficulties in their mastering. It is necessary therefore to intensify use of native units, minimizing the number of unnecessary loans. Relevant spelling propositions are formulated, including use of the Ukrainian “г” and “и” and expediency of some simplifications in the loanwords. The adopted and foreign words should be rendered on different bases, namely by invariant transcription and transliteration. The simple-correspondent transliteration of Ukrainian terms by the Ukrainian Latinics (UL) is needed for their use in multi-lingual data banks based on Latin script. These are, first of all, the eponimic terms with the onomastic component (Puljuj lamp, Bogholjubov – Parasjuk method, Churjumov comet, etc.), the terms of the Ukrainian origin (ukrajinit, vernadsjkit, vasylivsjkyj ghranit, etc.). The UL should be the base for adoption of the Ukrainian names by the world community. The need for implementation of the Ukrainian Latinics as the international graphical representation of the Ukrainian language, is conditioned by the European perspectives of Ukraine and intensification of its international contacts that require corresponding processing of multilingual and multialphabetic texts and data banks. The equivalence of the Cyryllic and Latin representations of Ukrainian texts is necessary for its successful integration into the world lingua-information and economic space.