Особливості віктимної поведінки розумово відсталих підлітків

Abstract

Дисертаційна робота присвячена визначенню психологічних передумов віктимної поведінки розумово відсталих підлітків, розробці та апробуванню програми її соціально-психологічної профілактики та корекції. Запропоновано методику експериментального дослідження віктимної поведінки розумово відсталих підлітків та емпіричним шляхом встановлено індивідуально-психологічні та соціально-психологічні детермінанти віктимності та віктимної поведінки при інтелектуальних порушеннях. Встановлено, що схильність до певних видів віктимної поведінки залежить від комплексного поєднання певних характерологічних якостей та спрямованості особистості розумово відсталого підлітка. На основі експериментального дослідження розроблено програму соціально-психологічної профілактики та корекції віктимної поведінки розумово відсталих підлітків. Запропоновано методичні рекомендації для вчителів та психологів щодо корекції віктимних проявів у підлітків в умовах спеціальної та інклюзивної освіти.

Диссертация посвящена проблеме психологических предпосылок виктимного поведения умственно отсталых подростков, разработке и апробированию программы его социально-психологической профилактики и коррекции. Предложена методика экспериментального исследования виктимного поведения умственно отсталых подростков, эмпирическим путем установлено индивидуально-психологические и социально-психологические детерминанты виктимности и виктимного поведения при интеллектуальных нарушениях. Установлено, что склонность к определенным видам виктимного поведения зависит от комплексного сочетания характерологических качеств и направленности личности умственно отсталого подростка. На основе экспериментального исследования разработана программа социально-психологической профилактики и коррекции виктимного поведения умственно отсталых подростков. Предложены методические рекомендации для учителей и психологов по коррекции виктимных проявлений у подростков в условиях специального и инклюзивного образования.

The dissertation is devoted to the definition of the psychological preconditions of victimal behavior of mentally retarded adolescents, the development and testing of its social and psychological prevention and correction programme. The author suggested the method of experimental research of victimal behaviour of mentally retarded adolescents; moreover, the researcher empirically established the individual psychological and socio- psychological determinants of victimhood and victimal behavior in case of intellectual disorders. The scholar determined that the propensity to certain types of victimal behavior depends on the complex combination of certain characterological traits and the personality orientation of those mentally retarded adolescents. Based on experimental research the author has developed a programme of socio-psychological prevention and correction of victimal behaviors in mentally retarded adolescents. The researcher suggested methodical recommendations for teachers and psychologists regarding the correction of victimal manifestations in adolescents in the conditions of special and inclusive education. The dissertation presents the results of multidisciplinary analysis of the general and special scientific literature on the generalization of scientific approaches, in particular psychological and criminological ones, regarding victimal behavior of an individual. The author identified that victimhood (or victimogenesis) is a set of social, psychological and physical characteristics and personality traits as a result of which he or she becomes prone to potential victimisation, thus relevant victimal behaviour. Victimhood consists of intellectual, emotional and volitional components and is a set of internal factors, namely: age, dysontogenetic, psychopathological and personality factors. The author proposed a method of empirical research, which envisaged the implementation of two interconnected blocks – the identification of the preconditions of victimal behavior of mentally retarded adolescents and the study of the tendency of such adolescents to different types of victimal behavior. The study results showed that the individual psychological preconditions of victimal behavior of mentally retarded adolescents are such personality traits as anxiety, aggressiveness, impulsiveness, aesthetic insensibility, suggestiveness, low or high self-esteem and uncritical thinking. The results of the study of socio-psychological preconditions for victimal behavior showed the dependence of the type of victimal behavior with the level of well-being in the family, the attitude of parents and siblings, with the style of family education, which affects the formation of individual stereotypes of behavior, i.e. dependent, segregated, aggressive, and disturbing ones. The results of the study of the tendency of mentally retarded adolescents to different types of victimal behaviour have proven that they are characterised by a tendency to non- critical, aggressive or hypersocial type of victimal behaviour categorised by interference with any conflict, willingness to risk, and lack of awareness of the consequences of their own behavior. The key feature that characterises a hypersocial adolescent is the high need for attention (demonstration); at the same time, specialists often observe demonstrative nihilism. Tendency to self-harming provocative behavior, characterised by provocative actions of an adolescent, who plays a potential victim, or provokes another teenager on unlawful acts (self-harming victimal behavior of provoking type), or shows high propensity for risk, incautious, dangerous behavior (direct self-harming provocative behaviour), or is prone to autoaggression. This behavior is a consequence of the peculiarities of cognitive development in mental retardation, in particular due to the low ability to anticipate, as well as the result of high situational anxiety. The tendency to dependant (subjugation to bullies, antisocial and criminal leaders) and helpless victimal behavior (failure to resist the potential offender for a variety of reasons: due to age, physical weakness, helpless state (constant or temporary), low self-esteem, cowardice, shyness, suggestiveness, conformance, etc.). Such persons have a role of a victim. The author identified relationship between individual psychological, socio- psychological characteristics of the personality of the mentally retarded adolescents and their propensity to different types of victimal behavior. The research determined that the individual psychological preconditions of victimal behavior of aggressive type are aggressiveness, high self-esteem and aesthetic insensitivity of the adolescent. Preconditions of self-harming behavior type include low self-esteem and anxiety of a teenager; for dependent type, these are suggestiveness, low self-esteem and aesthetic insensitivity of an adolescent. The author acknowledged impulsivity, aggressiveness and high self-esteem are the most typical defects of personal development in hypersocial and non-critical types of victimal behavior in mentally retarded adolescents. The research confirmed that preventive work allows to significantly expand the system of social connections in which a mentally retarded adolescent can fully exist, transfer the skills of socially approved behavior into new conditions that will prevent him/her from being able to become a victim of a conflict, bullying, difficult life situations.