Російський кооперативний рух в політиці комуністів (1918 – 1928)

Abstract

Розглядаються особливості розвитку кооперативного руху в контексті політики комуністів у 20-х роках ХХ ст., яка характеризувалася чергуванням різких кроків та тактичних відступів щодо підпорядкування і перетворення найбільш чисельної форми самоорганізації російської громадськості на інструмент переходу від дрібної приватної до загальнонаціональної соціалістичної власності. З переходом до НЕПу у кооперації з’явилися можливості для часткового відновлення самодіяльності, що сприяло покращенню динаміки розвитку сільськогосподарської й споживчої кооперації у нових ринкових умовах. У міру набуття комуністичним режимом в СРСР тоталітарної форми – сталінізму – поглиблюються процеси одержавлення кооперації, її остаточного перетворення у придаток до партійно-державного апарату, набирають завершеного вигляду форми її утилітарного використання.

The purpose of the article consists of finding out of features of development of co-operative motion in the context of policy of communists in 20 th years XX century. In the first years after October revolution priority for bolshevists was consumer co-operation development of that had to come to an end establishment of monopolistic positions in a retail business, and consequently to prepare gradual abandonment from commodity-money relations and passing to the centralized distribution of commodities system among a population. At the same time, agricultural and handicraft co-operations were ignored the Russian communists. Unlike a consumer, the attempts of their to nationalize they did not do. In further, events in relation to nationalize agricultural co-operation came true by her integration to consumer co-operation. With passing to new economic Policy, co-operation began to be examined in focus of her use, as to the instrument of party-state politics in selling-procurement industry in new market conditions. Leader of the Russian communists, bargained that co-operation will succeed to be used for a transition from shallow private to national socialistic property. Under these circumstances, by a spring in 1921 co-operation got possibilities for a return to the principles of economic activity. External renewal of separate co-operative centers that had to symbolize expansion of possibilities for public activity took place. On Constituent convention of the All-russian union of agricultural co-operation, that passed on Augusts, 20-24 in 1921, in the complement of rule and advice were select in majority authoritative "old" co-operators, that came forward for an exit from under party-state control, proceeding in complete independence of Russian co-operative motion. Appearance of possibilities for proceeding in an independent action, combination with preferring that was given by the state of co-operation, by comparison to private trade, promoted her to dynamic development during new economic Policy. In particular, consumer her form to the middle 1920th controlled 39% of all commodity turnover in the USSR. If on October, 1 in 1926 to "Centrspilka" cooperative stores entered with the general quantity of shareholders in 11,4 million persons, then in 1927 cooperated 16 millions, and in 1928 already 22,7 millions. From the first years of new economic Policy agricultural co-operation of the USSR developed dynamically. However with acquisition by the communist mode of totalitarian form - stalinizm- ignoring principles of organizational no interaction of co-operative motion acquires new scales. As a result, 30th to Russian co-operation that tested deformation saved will name only. She left off in complete and exact sense to answer determination "co-operation". Stalin guidance considered that cooperative stores and co-operative unions are "infected" by the so-called "productive democracy", and consequently subject to nationalize with maintenance only of co-operative environment. To nationalize co-operative agricultural co-operation it is possible the first step to count transformation of democratic "Silskrada" in Union of unions of agricultural co-operation to that collective farms were included. At the same time the functions of credit and insurance co-operation in this time sorted out on itself public institutions: the Central agricultural bank and state Insurance. Beginning from an end in 1926 mass displacement of skilled shots was begun with an environment "class hostile" elements. In the conditions of deepening of processes of nationalize of co-operation, it final converting into an appendage to the party-state vehicle, ugly forms assume a completed air her the utilitarian use, substitution of her natural functions to serve to interests of the members on the instruments of their exploitation. A little rather, then a greater role in this context gets to the use of vehicle of co-operation for deflation of money from the members by attaching to the borrowed campaigns.