Підґрунтя розвитку ідей класичних форм анархізму другої половини ХІХ ст.

Abstract

У статті дослідженні теоретичні засади анархістських ідей ХІХ ст., дана характеристика та класифікація різних концепцій та світоглядних передумов розвитку, які мають науковий історичний інтерес у сучасних дослідників.

Timelines of the subject for historical development of anarchy are related to destruction of soviet model of socialism, as well as crisis phenomenon both in Ukraine and other countries – all that forces to turn back to explore various social transformations. Warnings of European and Russian revolutionists are becoming obvious on practice of state construction, and also issues on state developing processes in general … For appropriate conclusion in terms of negative experience, it is necessary to analyze reasonably those theoretical predictions, suggested in due time by various anarchy ideologists and denied to be accepted in terms of applying alternative paradigms of civil relationships, taken as a basis for modern times, thus resulting in its specific nature. In Ukraine individualist claims in the course of history, philosophy, art, politics made bright statements in the end of the 19th century, at that particular period the classical anarchism doctrine was being formed, established in Western Europe in 40-70th of the 19th century. Potential social efficiency, introduced in ideology of anarchists, combining freethinking and civil courage, introduced in scope of certain reality nonsense. Academic interest to anarchism is being gradually advanced along with initiation of practical movements, aimed to fight with unlimited power of state, anarchism elements are evident both in the ideology of modern antiglobalism and in other protest actions, especially youth ones. On another hand, despite the practi-cal interest in anarchists ideas, there are no fundamental scientific surveys on the issue introduced recently. Anarchic idea and world perception do not have solid system, dogmatism, but for general points and values, general psychological and idea critical historical directions. There are seven basic principles of anarchism theory: 1. Lack of power; 2. Freedom from compulsion; 3. Freedom of associations; 4. Mutual support; 5. Diversity; 6. Equality of rights; 7. Brotherhood; the anarchists admit the necessity of critical and negative attitude to violent, punitive policies of state, prosecuting freedom of thought, human rights, progress threats in the name of personal interests of governors, no matter what different ideology they use. Thus, anarchism is the study on society, social history in accordance with which the main factor is considered to be will of certain person, and all authorities and state structure are not taken into account. History of anarchism is so-called rationalist model, including socio-cultural issues, peculiar for one or another model of anarchist society, it eliminates all kinds of authorities – including state, church, law … These concepts can be related with signs of personal maturity for certain people and achievements of sustainable society in general. Interest in anarchism, accepting the exclusive power of individual and rejecting the authority and state structure, connected with both signs of personal maturity for certain people and process of achieving sustainable society in general. It should be understood, that ideas of democracy and liberalism are the display of natural mechanisms for social self-organization, competitive correlation between different organizational structures. Any serious anarchist did not and does not deny the power overall. Anarchism denies state power (state). But it also recognizes various forms of public power without imposing authorities of older, wiser specialist etc. Without public power the society cannot be self-organized. It was written in detail by P.J.Prudon, M.O.Bakunin, P.O.Kropotkin and other outstanding ideologists and founders of anarchist doctrine. To a greater or lesser extent all anarchism founders touched upon the issue of property, or in other words such type of relations between people that allows them to adopt items of production and non-production consumption. However, there is no single point of view on the role of property in public life in classical anarchism. Classical and post-classical theoretical anarchisms represent two periods of historical evolution of anarchism evidence and are differentiated due to the range of features, characterized as relatively isolated by virtue of context as ideological complexes. From this point of view classical anarchism is the complex of original mature theoretical forms (ideas) of anarchism perception corresponding to 19th – the beginning of 20th centuries. Postclassical anarchism combines variations of anarchism, arisen as a result of classical anarchism crisis and transformation of anarchism perception in the context of science technical revolution of the 20th century, world wars, origin of totalitarian regimes, political system and culture of pluralistic democracy, development of human rights institute. Organization of future society was considered by the anarchists as nonpolitical union of independent decentralized groups, communities, communes etc., where any obligatory decisions are not taken by their members. Regulation of public life shall be conducted by manufacturing corporations, workshops, guilds, which, being transformed into professional unions, will perform functions to protect their members against nature of market and willfulness of social institutions. But, it would be necessary to note, that the most serious drawback of anarchist study is hitherto insurmountable difference between theory and practice. Whatever it means, practical anarchism requires direct theoretical investigation. It is obligatory to join abstract liberties with their real implementation. Moreover, it requires serious reconsideration of anarchist ideas of 19th and 20th centuries in order to develop the integrated ideas in compliance with current historical period.