Єврейське землеволодіння та оренда земель в українських губерніях Російської імперії у ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст.

Abstract

В статті розглядаються особливості участі єврейського населення українських земель Російської імперії в сфері комерційних земельних відносин в ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст. Встановлено причини, які спонукали євреїв включитися в сферу оренди і суборенди землі, а також в сферу купівлі-продажу землі. Проаналізовано особливості проведення операцій купівлі-продажу землі в регіоні укладених за участі єврейських посередників. Окремі сюжети статті розкривають роль єврея-орендаря в організації товарного сільськогосподарського виробництва.

Problem of participation of the Jews in agriculture development during ХІХ - beginning of ХХ-th century remained scantily explored in soviet times. The limited publications and their class engagement have led to the formation of stereotypes and a kind of campus among the first authors, who in the second half of the 1980s turned to the study of the history of Jewish agrarian life in the Russian Empire. A separate sphere of Jewishness commercial activity in the under-Russian Ukraine in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were a lease and sublease of agricultural lands and mediating participation in the organization of commercial operations with land. In the Russian Empire, according to the law of 1784, the Gentiles did not have the right to have serfs, but it was impossible to conduct commodity agricultural production without the use of serf labor in the first half of the nineteenth century. However, in the Ukrainian provinces insignificant part of Jews under the guise of lease of squire earth unofficially had an access to the agricultural production and used labour of serfs. Throughout the nineteenth century, the Russian government pursued a restrictive policy towards Jews, periodically imposing prohibitions on the participation of Jews in land operations, but local Russian and Polish landowners continued to enjoy the managerial capabilities of tenant Jews. After the Polish uprising of 1863, the tsarist issued new prohibitions for the Jews to keep land for rent. Overall, the attempt of the Russian government in relation to organization of Jewish agriculture cannot be considered successful. It is explained by a number of unfavorable circumstances and terms, in particular by absence of experience and turnover means, mentality of Jewishness. Understanding own miscalculations Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1898 allowed to Jews to buy and lease the shallow plots of land, create the Jewish farms, agricultural schools with the aim of further resettlement in rural locality. Thus, during ХІХ –th century part of Jews in Ukrainian lands of the Russian Empire who acting in region agriculture were folded by leaseholders and mediators that served the Polish and Russian squires. The indicated group of Jews-factors and leaseholders, and it was more than 10 thousand persons, assisted passing to the lease from the Polish squires more than 800 thousand acres of land. Ten thousand jewries-factors more served the Russian squires of province. However, it is necessary to note, that the Russian and Polish squires that used services of jews had extremely negative attitude to the Jewish population of province and supported the Jewish massacres and expropriations.